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Draco Normannicus
The ''Draco Normannicus'' is a chronicle written circa 1167-1169 by Stephen of Rouen (Etienne de Rouen), a Norman Benedictine monk from Bec-Hellouin. The ''Draco'' (considered an epic by some critics, such as Irene Harris and Elizabeth Kuhl) was based largely on the work of Robert of Torigni and William of Jumièges ''Gesta Normannorum Ducum''. The poem itself is unfinished, and also adapts parts of the ''Roman de Brut'' by Wace. Considered Stephen's principle work it survives in the Vatican Library. In the manuscript the poem runs to nearly 4,400 lines, though it has lost at least two passages, estimated at around one hundred verses each. The manuscript was initially anonymous, however it has been accepted for over one hundred years that Stephen is the undisputed author.
The conventional modern form of the title, ''Draco Normannicus'', was chosen by Richard Howlett in his edition published in 1885. In the manuscript it occurs only in a different word order, as ''Normannicus Draco''. Howlett also translated the title as "the Norman Standard", rather than literally as "Norman Dragon", as the ''Draco'' is named for the dragon shaped banners which the Normans followed into battle. It is a chronicle of the Normans' history, from their arrival in the former kingdom of Neustria, and the founding of Normandy up to the events which occurred during Stephen's life. There is an emphasis on the territorial conflicts which occurred between Henry II and Louis VII.
== Historical characters mentioned ==
Matilda of England, daughter to King Henry I of England, later to become the Empress Matilda after her marriage to Henry V, becomes a central point during the narrative, as well as Stephen's vision of the dynasty and historical identity of the Norman people. The work gives a detailed account on the funeral rites of Matilda, carried out by the archbishop of Rouen, Rotrou.
In the poem, Stephen names Morgan Le Fay definitively as the sister of Arthur, and ruler of the isle of Avalon. He also makes mention that Morgan is immortal, and has the ability to grant immortality to Arthur with the aid of the herbs found on the isle. In previous epics Morgan had not been named as sister to Arthur. Only in Chrétien de Troyes poem ''Erec and Enide'' was Morgan transformed from sorceress to sister, and this innovation was followed by Stephen in the ''Draco''.
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